The Effects Of Second Hand Smoke On Children - 843 Words

Second Hand Smoke Do people know second hand smoke not only affects the person smoking, but it also affects the people around them? Not everyone is aware of the risks of second hand smoke nor how it can effect their future. Second hand smoke is an issue that affects everyone and everybody around it such as unborn children, children, adults, non-smokers and should be avoided as much as possible. What exactly is second hand smoke? Second hand smoke is a combination of burning tobacco and the exhaled smoke. Not only is first hand smoke harmful, but second hand smoke is as bad if not worse for a person. Smoke in general smells badly, can irritate people’s eyes or nose, sticks to clothing or materials, can make someone’s hair smell, and other things as well. Everyone should avoid second hand smoke as much as possible. First comes the unborn children that are affected by adults that expose them to second hand smoke. Women who smoke during pregnancy risk their unborn child by smoking and their child receiving the second hand smoke in the womb. Second hand smoke can cause birth defects, low birth weight, SIDS, and many other problems. One birth defects includes clef lip or pallet caused by second hand smoke while in the womb. Women who smoke while pregnant risk health issues that are just unfair to the unborn child who cannot make its own choices yet. Secondly, there are also children effected by second hand smoke in many ways. It’s estimated that about 1 out of every 4 childrenShow MoreRelatedBiological Effects from Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke776 Words   |  3 Pagesup-to-date evidence dealing with biological effects from exposure to second-hand smoke. A lot of people aren’t educated about this topic, but second-hand smoke can harm someone almost as much as someone who actually smokes, depending on how often he/she is around it. Young children are a huge target for this subject because many biological and medical researchers have found second-hand smoke causing lifetime damage, and many other negative effects to children as they grow. Smoking bans in certain areasRead More The Effects of Second Hand Smoke Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Second Hand Smoke Did you know that 3,000 American non-smokers will die this year from lung cancer? Those deaths are entirely preventable. Their lung cancer is caused by second hand smoke. Second hand smoke is smoke they have breathed in from other peoples cigarettes. It is also known as involuntary or passive smoking. There is nothing passive however about the effects of this smoke. It is lethal and it is dangerous. It may give as many as 300,000 children under the age of oneRead MoreEffects Of Smoking On Children And Children1645 Words   |  7 Pagesntroduction For many years, second hand smoke has been affecting the lungs of many people. While most of these people can get away from it, one significant population does not always have that option. Innocent children and infants are most affected by second hand smoke. Unfortunately, these adolescents do not know that it is causing major health effects to their underdeveloped bodies. Children and infants involuntary inhale smoke in their homes and on the streets where they live. Laws regardingRead MoreEssay about The Harmful Effects of Second Hand Smoke1141 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harmful Effects of Second Hand Smoke An Australian courtroom, November 2002, has banned a mother of a ten year old boy from smoking in her household (Watts). This is because of the numerous harmful effects that go along with second hand smoke. The court was protecting the child from these dangers; the mother and grandfather both admitted to smoking approximately 40 cigarettes everyday (Watts). The ruling was done by the anti-smoking lobby, and was a first for this type of caseRead MoreSecond-Hand Smoke1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Second-Hand Smoke Imagine yourself sitting down to dinner at a restaurant. You are sitting down trying to enjoy your dinner when all you can smell is smoke. Not only are you just breathing in the smoke, it is also damaging your body at the same time. Or imagine yourself at your work place, whether it be a restaurant or office, and you are forced to breathe in second-hand smoke the entire time you are there. In this paper you will be informed of the harmful effects of second-handRead MoreSmoke As An American Citizen1099 Words   |  5 PagesLife Academy If I choose to smoke as an American citizen I will if I want simply because it is my right to do so, I mean after all is that not what this country was founded upon in the first place? Freedom? Yes it is. Since this is true why would we say you can have your freedom to do as you please but place stipulations on it? Since the United States is a free country it should be anyone`s right to smoke even if he or she exposes children to secondhand/thirdhand smoke, especially since recent studiesRead MoreCigarette Smoking around the World Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pageseven though cigarettes can cause that many deaths, people still smoke them? Cigarette smoking is a serious problem in the United States. Especially when it is done in public. Public smoking should be banned because it is a hazard to the people around. Smoking comes with many problems. Not only for the smoker, but for the nonsmokers who are exposed to the smoke. In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified second-hand smoke as a Group A carcinogen- the most dangerous category of carcinogensRead MoreImportance Of Diffusion Of Everyday Life1218 Words   |  5 Pagesis vital to humans, some forms of diffusion can detrimental, such as cigarette smoke. There have been many researches of second hand smoking and how it affects individuals. Diffusion is important in many life processes. Research was conducted and reviewed to show that the tobacco smoke and air contamination in an outdoor setting that are affected by secondhand smoke, have great concentrations of toxins. These effects can be significant. The levels outdoor contamination can sometimes reaching levelsRead MoreSecondhand Smoking Should Be Illegal1276 Words   |  6 Pagessome still smoke in ages, however the only problem in our society, people who smoke around youngsters called as well as secondhand smoking is a detective around children and adults. It is important that secondhand smoke shouldn’t be smoking around their own children or underage due to health. Secondhand smoking, tobacco smoke is exhaled by a second smoker or is given off by burning tobacco and also is inhaled by someone nearby which it’s called passive Smoke. It occurs when tobacco smoke spread throughoutRead MorePersuasive Essay Smoking885 Words   |  4 Pagestrying someth ing new. For example, someone buying their first car, travelling to another country, or eating at a new restaurant. However, there are other events where some people are pressured into doing a certain activity, such as smoking. People smoke for numerous reasons. These reasons include: socializing, coping with emotions, parental influences, advertising, and for the thrill of risk taking behaviors. In consequence, many people are unaware of the negative aspects to smoking. Smoking not only

Optimized Dynamic Latent Topic Model For Big Text Data...

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Optimized Dynamic Latent Topic Model for Big Text Data Analytics NAME: Geoffrey Mariga Wambugu REGISTRATION NUMBER: CS481-4692/2014 LECTURER: Prof. Waweru Mwangi A thesis proposal submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Unit SCI 4201 Advanced Research Methodology of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information Technology at the School of Computing and Information Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology June 2015 Abstract Probabilistic topic modeling provides computational methods for large text data analysis. Today streaming text mining plays an important role within real-time social media mining. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model was developed a decade ago to aid discovery of the hidden thematic structure in large archives of documents. It is acknowledged by many researchers as the most popular approach for building topic models. In this study, we discuss topic modeling and more specifically LDA. We identify speed as one of the major limitations of LDA application in streaming big text data analytics. The main aim of this study is to enhance inference speed of LDA thereby develop a new inference method and algorithm. Given the characteristics of this specific research problem, the approach to the proposed research will follow the experimental model. We will investigate causal relationships using a test

Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior Free Essays

Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior Frank Sehi PSY/265 January 24th, 2013 Nicole Pansey Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior Sexual behavior begins to develop as early as the â€Å"Infancy (0 to 2 Years) stage† (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, â€Å"CHAPTER 13 ? Sexuality in Childhood and Adolescence,† 2011). Male fetuses have erections while in the mother’s womb, and both male and female fetus suck on their fingers, which gives pleasure in the mouth (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, â€Å"CHAPTER 13 ? Sexuality in Childhood and Adolescence,† 2011). Between 6 months to 12 months a child may begin to masturbate, such as male boys may run up against something or play with their gentiles (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, â€Å"CHAPTER 13 ? Sexuality in Childhood and Adolescence,† 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now From 3 to 8 years old children begin to show curiosity some when it comes to sexual development behavior, just because the begin to notice the difference in boy and girl gentiles (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, â€Å"CHAPTER 13 ? Sexuality in Childhood and Adolescence,† 2011). This stage they may play house, doctor, or even with doll to play out their sexual behavior, and in most cases it is innocent behavior (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, â€Å"CHAPTER 13 ? Sexuality in Childhood and Adolescence,† 2011). Children may play out same sex sexuality, but has no effect on sexual preference at this age (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, â€Å"CHAPTER 13 ? Sexuality in Childhood and Adolescence,† 2011). During the Preadolescent stage is when a child really discovers masturbation; they discover how to pleasure themselves and the feel of the sensation. Also at this stage Preadolescents may experience same sex behavior as way of exploring their sexuality, but in most cases a short phases (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, â€Å"CHAPTER 13 ? Sexuality in Childhood and Adolescence,† 2011). The adolescent stage happens right after puberty, this stage is masturbation is the big part sexual pleasure. Adolescents for most part will masturbate, and still can keep their virginity and avoid pregnancy (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, â€Å"CHAPTER 13 ? Sexuality in Childhood and Adolescence,† 2011). During adolescents a few have experienced same sex sexual experiences among g their peers, and in most cases it’s just during the transition period from adolescent to adult sexual behavior (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, â€Å"CHAPTER 13 ? Sexuality in Childhood and Adolescence,† 2011). Adolescences who are gay or lesbian tend to struggle more during this stage, than those who are heterosexual, because of judgment of peers (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, â€Å"CHAPTER 13 ? Sexuality in Childhood and Adolescence,† 2011) In conclusion Sexual development begins from the fetus to adolescent stage, and most of the child’s sexual behavior is more of discovering one’s self. The adolescent stage is where one discovers more on what they like sexual wise, and usually orientation as well. References: Rathus, S. A. , Nevid, J. S. , Fichner-Rathus, l. (2011). Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity (8th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix. How to cite Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior, Essay examples

Human Conduct In A Business Organization &Organizational Behavior

Question: Discuss about the Human Conduct In A Business Organization. Answer: Introduction Organizational conduct is defined as the study of human conduct in a business organization. This involves four main components that the people, the structure, technology and the external features through which the organization does its operations (Schermerhorn, et al., p.3). A basic organization is essential when people come together to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization (Malik and Kaur, p.12). The aim of organizational behavior is to have a better understanding of the factors that affect the people in an organizational setting to achieve a more competent and efficient running of the organization (Dartey-Baah and Amponsah-Tawiah, p.11). The management is tasked to incorporate the needs of the organization and its employees to offer a work setting which upholds achieving the goals of the organization (Mullins, p. 93). How theories of organizational behavior may be applied in an organizational setting The classical conditioning theory and the operant conditioning theories to learning have given rise to the advancement of varieties of systems usually defined as behavior adjustments. Behavior modification is a broad term for tactics to changing the behavior by use of suitable and appropriate strengthening. This method was founded on idea that individuals learn to reprise behaviors with positive results. It makes use of the values of inspirational approaches that removes behaviors in the workplace that are not desirable and to increase the occurrence of desirable behaviors. The strategies to motivate the individuals can either be in term relational or transactional rewards with the aim of making the employees feeling satisfied and committed to achieving the goals of the organization (Dartey-Baah and Amponsah-Tawiah, p.11). Transactional recompenses take the form of increasing the salary and having paybacks that are attractive. On the other hand, the relational rewards are in the form of the organization providing conducive working environments, recognition of the employees, empowering of the employees, having a flexible balance between work and life, having a sense of achievement, involving the employees in making decision and giving the employees an chances for personal growth and career development (Dartey-Baah and Amponsah-Tawiah, p.11). Social learning theory is used in business to have an impact on organizational behavior. This can be achieved by having new employees learning the skills of a job by observing what and how more experienced employees does. Cognitive learning theory is used in an organization to positively impact the behavior in an organization. This can be achieved through motivating employees to learn what the aims of organizational learning are and the benefits that the management has established (Huczynski and Buchanan, p. 117). The motivational strategies may include acquiring a skill that is valued, having career opportunities or a being given a prestigious job title (Torrington et al., p. 24). The employees should be given their performance and progress status through feedback mechanism that is appropriate, frequent and clear. The organization management should focus on rewarding suitable behaviors. If the organizations resort to punishment for work poorly done, the employees may end up disliking or distrusting the management and there motivation to learn is reduced (Stewart, p. 214). Potential organizational problem situations and proactive managerial interventions, with special sensitivity to cultural, ethical and social concerns Improving ethical behaviors; Because of pressures to improving employee productivity and tough competition in the market place, employees feel pressured to break roles, and get involved in other kinds of practices that are questionable. Managers should create an ethically healthy working environment, living by example concerning what institutes what behaviors are right and wrong. Globalization - The world is continuously becoming global village. The organizations should not restrict themselves to country boarders. The managers should put emphasis on how to modify their ways of management to encompass the cultural differences encountered. Quality and productivity; Managers are challenged with the task to improving value of their merchandises and services productivity in their organizations. Manager can intervene by improving the skills of the people. They can do this by looking into the behavior of the employees, and look for ways to change their behavior and improve their interpersonal skills (Albert, p. 44). Innovativeness and change; organizations can become extinct if they do not look for ways to come up with innovative products and services and to master the art of change. Therefore managers should maintain flexibility and be competitive in the market. Workforce diversity is another organizational challenge to the managers. The managers need to change their viewpoint from treating every employee in the same way and to identify the dissimilarities and respond to them so as to retain the employees improve on their productivity. Employee empowerment; Managers have to learn how to delegate some of their duties to the employees who have to learn how to take up charge for their work. Loyalty of employees; organisations are replacing permanent employees with temporary ones in oreder to cut on expenses and increase profits. As as results of these changes, there is a decline in the loyalty of the employees and they become less committed to their employer. The manager should develop means to stimulate employees feeling less committed to their employers. Locate relevant research and compare and critique the findings on current developments in organizational behavior A lot of advancements have been seen by organizations in terms of operations, the people and the structure. These trends are; knowledge management, employment relations, globalization, IT and a workforce that is changing. Globalization To become global, organizations are trying to establish fresh marketplace and technology or they reduce cost by means of specializing or low-priced employment. Additionally, organizations have changed the means of integrating their business practices with other countries. In order to achieve the advantage of specialization, countries are outsourcing some part supply chain instead of controlling the whole chain. To react to the challenges of globalization, employees need to improve their knowledge and become a central part of the success of the organization. Globalization plays important functions in organizational behavior and has an effect on the stress management among employees (Reynolds Namasivayam, p. 6). Emerging employment relationship The relationship between the employer and employee is changing in the present era. Employers are no more dictators and they are open to participative way of leadership. Employers are giving employees flexible working hours and motivate them to accomplish to their best. The management is now open to upward communication and involvement of employees in the lower level in the process of decision making in the organization (Laudon and Laudon, p.69). Changing workforce There is a shortage of skilled labour in many development sectors and employers are being forced to take on less skilled workforce at first and develop them instead of hiring experienced people or hiring employees from foreign countries. New parents want to work nearer to home or from home and so employers find that they may have to make this a possibility so as to keep or find new employees. The attitudes of workers are also changing and therefore the businesses have to adjust enrollment, training and processes in the organization to adjust to the workforce that has changed. Information technology Today, changes and progress in technology, particularly the information technology has an impact on organizations and employees. Novelties in information technology have unlocked novel techniques in doing commerce which are dissimilar from earlier practices. The way the work is done and the jobs of workers have changed as a result of technology. Performance evaluation for organizations has seen changes because of the computerized era and communication is done through wireless, which are faster and instant ways than previously done (Laudon and Laudon, p.73). Knowledge Management A very close association exists concerning knowledge managing and organizational behavior (Nonaka and Takeuchi, p. 27). Research has attested that organizational behavior is a key obstacle to influencing management of knowledge. Conclusion The theories of learning can be useful in many ways to positively impact organizational behaviors. The management has a role to play in organizational learning encouraging constant and shared culture and successively change the employees into appropriate behaviors and courses to produce a maintainable competitive advantage. The managers must know the vital function incentive has in impelling the behavior of persons in organization and be conversant with the cognitive stimulatory aspects which motivate the employee contentment and pledge. References Albert, M. 2005. Managing change: Creating a Learning Organisation focused on quality, Problems and Perspectives in Management 1, 47-54. Dartey-Baah, K. and Amponsah-Tawiah, K. 2011. Influencing organisational behaviour through the application of learning theories. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(11), pp. 1-14. Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D. 2007. Organisational Behaviour. Prentice Hall International. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon J.P. 2006. Management Information System: Managing the Digital Firm, Pearson Education Inc, 10th Edition. Luthans, F. 1995. Organisational Behaviour, Seventh edition, McGraw-Hill. Malik, R. and Kaur, R. 2017. Emerging Trends in Organizational Behavior: A Perspective. International Journal of Research in IT and Management (IJRIM), 7(2), pp. 10~20 Mullins, L. J. 2010. Management and Organisational Behaviour, Pearson Education, 9th Edition. pp. 1-286. Nonaka, I. 1996. The Knowledge Creating Company. In Starkey, K. (ed.) How Organisations Learn, International Thomson Business Press (1996), pp. 1832. Popper, M. and Lipshitz, R. 1998. Organisational learning: A cultural and structural approach to organisational learning. Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 34, pp161 178. Reynolds, D. and Namasivayam, K. (2007). Organizational behavior and human resource management in the global foodservice industry: An introduction. In D. Reynolds K. Namasivayam (Eds.), Human Resources in the Foodservice Industry: Organizational Behavior Management Approaches (pp. 1-6). New York: Haworth Schermerhorn, J. R., Hunt, J, G., and Osborn, R, N. 2005. Organizational Behavior (9th ed.). John Wiley Sons, Inc. pp. 1-219. Stewart, J. and Sambrook, S. 2000. Factors influencing learning in European learning oriented organisations: issues for management. Journal of European Industrial Training, 24(2-4), pp. 209-219. Torrington, D., Hall, L., and Taylor, S. 2005. Human Resource Management. Pearson Education Limited, 6th Edition.

Biography - Bill Gates essays

Biography - Bill Gates essays We are living in the information age. Everything nowadays revolves around computers and electronics. A person in California can play another competitor in Iran a game of chess without leaving their home by the use of computers. Computers have become a lot smaller and much more famous around the world. One individual has played a big role in the computer industry. He is an American business executive, chairman and chief executive officer of the Microsoft Corporation, and a multibillionaire: Bill Gates. Gates, William Henry, III (1955- ) was born in Seattle, Washington. Gates grew up in a very competitive family. His father, William H. Gates II, was an attorney. His mother, Mary, was a University of Washington regent and director of First Interstate Bank. His parents placed him in Lakeside, an academic and rigorous private school in Seattle. He met Paul Allen in high school. Gates was fascinated with computers since the age of 12 and has been programming projects throughout high school career. While attending Harvard in 1975, Gates and Allen made a version of the BASIC, a computer programming language compiler for the MITS Altair microprocessor, the first personal computer. Working on BASIC for the Altair, Gates dropped out of Harvard, in 1977, to pursue his full-time vision of, "a computer on every desk and in every home." In the early 1980's, Gates help lead Microsoft from a developer of programming languages to a diverse computer software company that produced computer operating systems, applications software and programming tools. Gates has made MS-DOS, in 1981, a computer operating system for the new IBM Personal Computer. He has also driven Microsoft toward the introduction of application software such as the Microsoft Word (word processing software). Gates has challenged many companies with there related products. He has challenged Digital Research, the maker of ...

A Profile of the Bonnethead Shark

A Profile of the Bonnethead Shark The bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo), also known as the bonnet shark, bonnet nose shark, and shovelhead shark is one of nine species of hammerhead sharks. These sharks all have a unique hammer or shovel-shaped heads. The bonnethead has a shovel-shaped head with a smooth edge. The head shape of the bonnethead may help it more easily find prey. A 2009 study found that bonnethead sharks have a nearly 360-degree vision and excellent depth perception. These are social sharks that are most often found in groups numbering from 3 up to 15 sharks. More About the Bonnethead Shark Bonnethead sharks are about 2 feet long on average and grow to a maximum length of about 5 feet. Females typically are larger than males. Bonnetheads have a grayish-brown or gray back that often has dark spots and a white underside. These sharks need to swim continuously to supply fresh oxygen to their gills. Classifying the Bonnethead Shark The following is the scientific classification of the bonnethead shark: Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: GnathostomataSuperclass: PiscesClass: ElasmobranchiiSubclass: NeoselachiiInfraclass: SelachiiSuperorder: GaleomorphiOrder: CarcharhiniformesFamily: SphyrnidaeGenus: SphyrnaSpecies: tiburo Habitat and Distribution Bonnethead sharks are found in subtropical waters in the Western Atlantic Ocean from South Carolina to Brazil, in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico and in the Eastern Pacific Ocean from southern California to Ecuador. They live in shallow bays and estuaries. Bonnethead sharks prefer water temperatures over 70  F and make seasonal migrations to warmer waters during the winter months. During these trips, they may travel in large groups of thousands of sharks. As an example of their travels, in the U.S. they are found off the Carolinas and Georgia in the summer, and further south off Florida and in the Gulf of Mexico during the spring, fall and winter. How the Sharks Feed Bonnethead sharks eat primarily crustaceans (especially blue crabs), but will also eat small fish, bivalves, and cephalopods. Bonnetheads feed mostly in the daytime. They swim slowly toward their prey, and then quickly attack the prey, and crush it with their teeth. These sharks have a unique two-phase jaw closing. Instead of biting their prey and stopping once their jaw is closed, bonnetheads continue to bite their prey during their second phase of jaw closing. This increases their ability to specialize in hard prey, like crabs. After their prey is crushed, it is suctioned into the sharks esophagus. Shark Reproduction Bonnethead sharks are found in groups organized by gender as spawning season approaches. These sharks are viviparous... meaning that they give birth to live young in shallow waters after a 4- to 5-month gestation period, which is the shortest known for all sharks. The embryos are nourished by a yolk sac placenta (a yolk sac attached to the mothers uterine wall). During development inside the mother, the uterus becomes separated into compartments that house each embryo and its yolk sac. There are 4 to 16 pups born in each litter. The pups are about 1 foot long and weigh about half a pound when born. Shark Attacks Bonnethead sharks are considered harmless to humans. Conserving Sharks Bonnethead sharks are listed as least concern by the IUCN Red List, which says that they have one of highest population growth rates calculated for sharks and that despite fishing, the species is abundant. These sharks may be caught for display in aquariums and used for human consumption and for making fishmeal. References and Further Information Bester, Cathleen. Bonnethead. Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed July 4, 2012.Cortà ©s, E. 2005. Sphyrna tiburo. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. Accessed July 3, 2012.Carpenter, K.E. Sphyrna tiburo: Bonnethead. Accessed July 4, 2012.Compagno, L., Dando, M. and S. Fowler. 2005. Sharks of the World. Princeton University Press.Krupa, D. 2002. Why the Hammerhead Sharks Head is In the Shape Its In. American Physiological Society. Accessed June 30, 2012.Viegas, J. 2009. Scalloped Hammerhead and Bonnethead Sharks have 360 Degree Vision. Accessed June 30, 2012.Wilga, C. D. and Motta, P. J. 2000. Durophagy in Sharks: Feeding Mechanics of the Hammerhead Sphyrna tiburo. The Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 2781–2796.

IB economics commentary (Section 5 - Development Economics) Essay

IB economics commentary (Section 5 - Development Economics) - Essay Example Protectionism is the practice of protecting domestic goods and service industries from foreign competition with tariff and non-tariff barriers (Answers). This economic commentary discusses the article ’Buy American’ feud exposes European double standards. During tough economic times it seems that countries become more conscious of the needs of its local industries. The European Union recently brought back its subsidies program to protect the nation’s dairy industry. A subsidy is a form of financial aid given to a business or industry by the government (Varian). It is considered the opposite of a tax. In Europe other more subtle measures are occurring that are not good for free trade. Some European nations such as Greece are forcing developing nations which are beneficiaries of their aid programs to purchase goods and services from them (Polack). Despite the help Greece is providing the agreements hurt the economic growth of developing nations by limiting their options and increasing their costs of doing business. The Greek contracts being tied to financial aid increases the costs of goods and services by 20%. This implies that actually value of the financial aid is deflated due to the loss of purchasing power as a consequence of inflated contract prices. Two of the factors that are causing the prices of these contracts to go are consultant fees and expensive materials. According to ActionAid the average costs of consultants working in developing nations is $1000 per day (Polack). Bilateral agreements are a common international occurrence that can have both positive and negative impacts on the nations involved in the treaties. A bilateral trade agreement is pact in which two countries in which the countries agree to lift most tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers. The good thing about these agreements is that it promotes free trades which increases business activity between the nations.

Know-How and Knowledge Intensive Organizations Essay

Know-How and Knowledge Intensive Organizations - Essay Example These are the ones who the organization relies the most for problem solving. Sveiby suggests that there comes a point in the organization’s life cycle when the professional transfer their knowledge to other system for the sake of the organization’s growth. The author suggest that at this point, the organization is not reliant so much on the professionals as their knowledge has been transferred into other systems where those who are less skilled can still be trusted to do the jobs as the system guides them. An example is an accounting firm where the professionals pool their knowledge in an information system where the less skilled personnel will just do the heavy lifting involving inputting data and the program does the rest. Whereas this may be true for an accounting firm, the same cannot be applied in the production of a book where the professional must be on hand because what the apprentices print is not always the same. In the book ‘Human Capital and the Balanc e Sheet,’ the author defines the value of human capital as one that should not be underestimated. In many ways, the author recognizes that the value of the human capital could wane meaning that the person will not be worth as much as he was but the circumstances differ with some having remedies. Sveiby notes that the pooling of knowledge in the information systems can make some experts redundant. In the same breathe, Washer and Nippani note that it is only possible in four scenarios: the death of the professional, disability, compulsory retirement and voluntary retirement (Washer & Nippani 2004, p. 16). Death and disability can be either fully or partially hedged by taking out a life insurance policy while retirement could either be accompanied by the full value of the human capital in case it is voluntary or a partial value of the capital if it is compulsory. The authors concede that organizations do not usually recognize the full value of the human capital. While it is poss ible for a conventional balance sheet to reflect a decline in profits; for example from $200,000 to $100,000, the difference can be very minimal considering that the value of the human capital will inevitably have increased in this period from the experience garnered. Welcome to the Knowledge Organization versus On the Nature of Knowledge-Intensive Organizations: Strategy and Organization in the New Economy The book ‘Welcome to the Knowledge Organization’ is focused on the management of knowledge throughout the organization. It refers to the knowledge based organizations as being learning organizations. Here, the author states that knowledge has to be shared for the organization to grow. This book clearly focuses on the need for there to be a pool of knowledge in the organization that can assist it to grow. It refers to the leaders in the knowledge intensive organizations as being in charge of learning as they ensure that the experts push themselves in the generation of better ideas while ensuring that this knowledge gained is shared with the other employees. Most organizations hire employees and then train them in the specific line of work that they expect them to be in. the knowledge int

Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion Board - Essay Example Furthermore, the Jews believed that God was able to reverse the effects of sin and completely reverse consummate the reconciliation with the humankind. These views are consistent with mine, for I believe it is only God who has the powers and ability to reconcile us with Himself after we fall short of His will. Several changes occurred in the Jewish view on God and the world during this time. Foremost, there was an intensified and revitalized given the events of 6th Century BC when the Jewish nation suffered a series of exiles. The Jewish people also suffered the effects of Hellenism at this period, and the Greek beliefs affected their basic understanding and belief in diminution of anthromorphism (Gee 1995). Although the Old Testament of the Hebrews acknowledges the concept of immortality, the period of intertestamental shift made the Jews lay more focus and emphases on immortality of the soul. In addition, there was a shift from the isolated lifestyle the Jews had lived for the whol e time. They became more open and interactive with other communities, thanks to the effects of Hellenism. The period also marked a change of the Jews’ view of God from His imminence to His transcendence. They refrained from using the name of God in all their undertakings as had been the custom before the Intertestamental Period. ... They called him the Judge, meaning he would deliver justice and fairness to the Jewish nation against oppressing Gentile nations. Another title was the Deliverer, for whom they waited to deliver them forever from Gentile rule. Shepherd mean they were waiting for one who would guide them with love for all and protect them from their enemies. They also referred to him as the Stone, their strength upon which the Jewish nation would be built, not to be shaken by anyone (Carson, Douglas and Julius 2001). Other titles included Elect and The Chosen One, the Righteous or Just One, Son of God or Son of David and Elijah. To a nonbeliever and a new convert, the best title to describe Jesus would be the Righteous or Just One. According to the scriptures, Jesus preached and lived righteousness. There is no single instance in the scriptures the scriptures that reveal an act of unrighteousness in the life of Jesus. He helped the poor and the despised of his time get recognition in the society. He d elivered just judgments to those who were viewed too evil. According to the Jews, Gentiles were considered sojourner in their lands, strangers who had little or no knowledge of God (Carson, Douglas and Julius 2001). Jews viewed the Gentiles as evil people who were not worth associating with (Gee 1995). However, they stood a chance of being in good connections with the creator if they converted to Judaism. God-fearers referred to the class of Gentiles who sympathized with the beliefs of Judaism during the Second Temple Period. Whereas the God-fearers were not bound by any rules to follow Noahide Laws nor adhere to the rules of Jews, procelytes had the obligation to live by these customs and laws (Gee 1995). Procelytes could either be Gentiles converted into Judaism or

Naturalistic Movement Within Theatre Theatre Essay

Naturalistic Movement Within Theatre Theatre Essay After reading and researching into Raymond Williams quotation, this essay will produce the main outlines of the naturalistic movement within Theatre and how important it is in modern day society. The main outlines discussed in this essay are the social and technological change after the Restoration period, what is the content of naturalistic plays, the audiences response to naturalism and its future development and dominance within society today. At the end of the nineteenth centaury, naturalism became a revolt against previous conventions of theatre, and it strived to destroy everything the world thought was true; naturalism was the revolution of man. However, prior to this was both the Renaissance and Restoration periods; these both had a considerable impact on theatre. This essay will argue that without these generations of theatre, Naturalism could not of developed. The Renaissance period held Elizabethan Theatre, which composed of the most famous playwright even today, William Shakespeare however considered to being Shakespeares superior was Christopher Marlowe who was another successful playwright within the sixteenth centaury. The early plays of this period were performed almost anywhere, mainly courtyards and Inns. During the end of the sixteenth century, performances eventually advanced into being presented in established Theatres, as we know them today; the most famous of these early buildings being the Globe: This entailed daytime performances without lights or a stage curtain and very few, if any, props, thought the actors were dressed in rich costumes. There were no scene changes in the modern sense and the action moved fluidly from one scene to the next without an apparent break. (The Routledge history of literature in English: Britain and Ireland, 2001, p67) This contrasts competently to the major outlines of the naturalism movement, without the technological change of lighting through the nineteenth century naturalistic theatre would not have been possible to convey on stage. Before gas lighting and the limelight, the only light used with indoor theatres was candlelight, however many performances were presented outdoors in the daylight. Using only candlelight indoors would make it impossible to portray naturalism on stage. Another clear difference to where theatrical naturalism progressed from Renaissance theatre is through scenery and props. The Elizabethans used as little props as possible and relied on backdrops to convey a sense of place, however naturalistic theatre moved from backdrops to three-dimensional scenery and highlighted props as being highly important to make the space look real and lived in: August Strindberg, in his preface to Miss Julie, complained of canvas walls that shook when doors were slammed, and painted pots and pans on the walls instead of real ones. (The Cambridge guide to Theatre, 1995, p1096) Thus suggesting that when the curtains opened to these detailed naturalistic sets Strindberg wanted a reaction to occur from the middle class audience as it reflects their homes; the use of canvas within naturalistic performances wouldnt have given the audience anything to relate to. Another major contribution to the movement of Naturalism is the role of women. During the Renaissance period, it was unheard of for a woman to perform professionally on stage alongside men; young adolescent men would perform womens roles. Conversely, during the late seventeenth century, the beginning of the Restoration Period, Women began to act professionally in Theatres; without women performing on stage, naturalism could not have taken place. Another contrast before naturalism, is the restorations Pantomimes and Melodramas, these two genres are both established by stereotypical characters with exaggerated emotions. Pantomimes were hugely associated with cross-dressing and stock characters, singing songs and breaking down the fourth wall by talking to the audience. Melodramas were publicly taken more seriously although they to included stock characters and songs; naturalism advances away from these exaggerated performances and developed characters on stage. Characters were becoming more naturalistic, psychologically complex and were people the middle class audience could relate. However, it was not only the transition through the Renaissance and Restoration period creating Naturalism, but the influence of science and scientists: Its origin owes much to Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution, based in turn on his theory of natural selection. Darwin created context that made naturalism with its emphasis upon theories of heredity and environment a convincing way to explain the nature of reality for the late nineteenth century. (The Cambridge companion to American realism and naturalism: Howells to London, 1995, P47) Science explains human behaviour and this is why Darwins evolutionary theories are a big influence on Naturalism; his theories determine someones character through social environment and heredity. Sigmund Freud was also another influence of Naturalism; his studies excogitate human psychological behaviour and how humans function. Karl Marx also had an input to the movement; his studies were the economical and industrial analysis on society. Without these theories characters could not have developed in Naturalistic plays being written as well as performed. Naturalism became an atheistic revolt against previous theatre conventions; plays and performances contrasted from Renaissance and Restoration where they were solely devout, to being irreligious in the late nineteenth century. Naturalism sought to abolish what society believed and changed the revolution of man, society and morals. The four acknowledged playwrights who determined and developed theatrical naturalism are Henrik Isben, Anton Chekhov, August Strindberg and Emile Zola (Who was also a well established novelist in naturalistic literacy). Constantin Stanislavski helped intensify and direct these plays so the audience would encounter lifelike productions on stage. These distinguished playwrights composed scripts would consist of particular attributes. The first feature of these plays this essay is going to elaborate on is the use of contemporary issues within these naturalistic pieces such as contraception, womens rights, adultery, and sexual diseases, the key issue however is female identity within society. One clear example of this feature exists in Strindbergs preface to Miss Julie where he outlines his ideas for his play: The passionate character of her mother; the upbringing misguidedly inflicted on her by her father; her own character; and the suggestive effect of her fiancà © upon her weak and degenerated brain. (Miss Julie, 2006, Preface Ixxxix) The main theme of this play is the degeneration of women, and throughout the play, we see the different beliefs Miss Julies parents brought upon her upbringing and how they have torn her apart to being psychologically distracted. Her mother who was a highly obsessive feminist believing in equality between men and women and opposingly her father who brought her upon his own beliefs that women and men are not equal, that women are lower than men. Through the influence of Sigmund Freud and Darwin, Strindberg had a high interest in human psychology and evolutionary history; the scientific research on humans is another clear feature within naturalistic plays. Two relevant psychological paths are relevant to Miss Julie that are relevant to when Strindberg wrote this play, hysteria and feminine masochism. Women throughout this movement were being represented in a much different manner than during Restoration period; women became considered as sexually assertive and independent. Miss Julie i s clearly both sexually assertive and independent to a certain extent but she is psychologically preoccupied. With this, it is apparent to say that all naturalistic pieces of theatre include psychologically complex characters, which the actors themselves are required to understand. The actors performing naturalistic plays would have researched through subtext and the text to find out who their characters are and how they can run the character through their own emotions. Stanislavski had an acknowledged impact of directing the actors through the Stanislavski system whilst producing naturalistic plays: While he himself was often at pains to demonstrate that his system was not limited to naturalistic plays, Stanislavskis theory and practice clearly articulated a response to the development of naturalism as a major movement in Western drama. (The purpose of playing: modern acting theories in perspective, 2006, p37) Gordon expresses that Stanislavskis theories linked and worked better with naturalism, and through his methods, he helped to influence the naturalism movement. Another feature of naturalistic theatre is the detail of sets, each of the playwrights set out to mirroring the bourgeoisie audience; as noted earlier on in the essay, the sets were to be three-dimensional without the use of painted backcloths. The directions for how the set is to be on each scene is outlined with as much detail as possible within the scripts: A large kitchen, the roof and side walls of which are concealed by drapes and borders. The rear wall rises at an angle from the left; on it, to the left are two shelves with utensils of copper, iron and pewter. (Miss Julie, 2006, p3) It is clear to see from the beginning of a very long detailed extract on the stage setting that everything has to be as it is written in the script. Strindberg would not have written such detailed descriptions of the scenery if he had no reason, and his reason was to represent and mirror the middle class audiences homes. He directly points to which materials should be used and how things are arranged on the stage; these props are meant to be there to make the life on stage as real as possible creating a tangible presence for the audience to watch. The bourgeoisie audience were middle or merchant class people known for their ownership of capital and related culture; they benefited out of capitalism. Naturalistic plays sought to mirror the bourgeoisies lives and homes on stage; capitalism became scrutinized. These audiences contrasted highly to the classical audiences of the Renaissance and Restoration theatre, the audiences became silent, as conventionally they would be today; there was no more booing and hissing within the audiences. Another attribute to the social classes within theatrical naturalism was the lower working class and social outcasts becoming the protagonists thus moving away from the aristocrat protagonists of classical drama. This can be argued in Miss Julie, as there are two protagonists both from different social backgrounds, the two being Miss Julie who is an aristocrat and Jean who is a lower class servant; despite their social status, they are both outcasts. When it comes to morality Jean is Julies superi or as he is a man and she is a degenerated woman. There is also a clear theme of family life; there was more emphasis on family than the wider society and characters were individualised and shown in their social and economical contexts. Miss Julie again clearly represents those naturalistic attributes and themes: There have been many family tragedies, and Julie is the Counts only heir; the family name will die with her. (Strindberg and the poetry of myth, 1982, p71) This suggests that there is no males in this play that control family life, and the familys fate is down to Julie. From this also arises the theme of female identity in society once again, and dramatises the deterioration of men as a dominating figure of society as well as their authority in the home. There have been playwrights and practitioners who have criticized naturalism, one of the most famous being Bertolt Brecht who has formed the practice of epic theatre. He disagreed with the illusion of reality on stage and he disliked Stanislavskis practices of staying close to the characters on stage in order to represent real life, and through his own theory, he believed in distancing the actor from the character using the verfremdungseffekt. Even in todays society, naturalism throughout the arts is still used vastly. Playwrights are still producing naturalistic performances, for stage, film and television. Raymond Williams quotation explores the main outlines of naturalism and through researching this I have discovered that before the naturalism movement there was minimal or no attempt to show a sense of place on stage or any development of character; Naturalism sought to explore what was real, real characters, real homes, real life.

Leadership Essay -- essays research papers

Twelve O’Clock High Introduction to the paper’s subject, and primary objectives: General information regarding the topic of this paper:  The purpose of this paper is to identify and contrast the different styles of leadership exhibited by two characters found in the 1949 movie Twelve O’Clock High starring Gregory Peck as General Savage, Army Air Forces general. Based on a true story, Twelve O’Clock High is a inspirational account of the highly dangerous precision daylight bombing missions carried out by US Army Air Force’s 918th Bomber Group in England during the last part of World War II. In the beginning of the movie the squadron is commanded by general Davenport. It is very clear that General Davenport’s main concern is the wellbeing of his men. He obviously had developed close interpersonal relationships. The men of the squadron were completely devoted towards Davenport and they trusted any decision that he would make. General Davenport’s affection for his men comes to interfere with his ability to lead them. The squadron suffers heavy losses to planes and heavier losses to soldiers. One instance that clearly demonstrates Davenport’s incapability to uphold his responsibilities as the leader is when he jeopardizes the well being of the entire squadron by ignoring protocol and flying out of formation in the attempt to save one plane. When it becomes apparent to Davenport’s superiors that his emotional feelings have become an obstacle to his effectively leading the squadron they relieve him. General Savage who is ordered to take over the underachieving bomber group experiencing heavy losses because of poor technique and lack of focus. Savage takes a kind of tough love approach, holding his men to the highest standards. Savage makes the point that the ultimate objection of the squadron is to successfully complete the assigned missions. Throughout the movie Savage constantly makes it absolutely clear to the squadron that no one individual’s wellbeing will be placed ahead of the entire team and the success of the team. Initially the changing of the preceding General dispirits the squadron. They felt that General Savage was uncompassionate considering the men as nothing more then numbers that were dispensable at his convenience. After several missions that were marked by a remarkable turnaround in success the man eventually come... ...rganization this movie offers a very concrete example for people in authority to follow. It can also be applied in situations where there has been a recent change in authority. According to the book leaders that have recently entered a position of authority should be more task specific in the way they interact with employees. This will clear up some of the ambiguity associated with the needs of the new leader to the employees. Reasons why Savage succeeded where Davenport failed: Differences in primary motivation: Davenport was primarily motivation was the establishing and maintaining of close interpersonal relationships with his followers. While Savage, on the other hand, was primarily motivated by task accomplishment. As in this type of situation Savage’s style is more effective. However, even though Davenport failed in this situation I feel that his leadership style has the potential to be highly successful in an environment that are more favorable. In this example Savage was faced with a crises. In periods of crisis leaders identify problems and implement solutions tend to be the most effective. Clearly Savage does a better job of making his expectations clear.

Notes on Different types of customers

Dealing with customer complaints why do customers complain? Customers complain mainly because of bad customer service The product they received is of bad quality not happy because of the staff Delayed flights not good service untidy accommodation product they received was not as it was descriptive. Not a not seats on the plane not getting what they want queues why do organizations need to know about customer complaints? To keep their reputation keep one customer happy expand business keep customers keep business to improve o fix one problem How to deal with customers?Offer a discount or a complimentary Item such as a drink. Food item etc. ) or a refund If they take It further ask If want to speak to the manager Reply a. s. A. P start by apologizing Don't interrupt whilst they are complaining Ask what's wrong face to face offer something else e-mail written communication make it formal be sympathetic make eye contact Listen suggest the course of action check the customer is happy with the solution and ask them if there is anything else you can do for them. Keep calm keep customer informed at all times Why is It Important to resolve a complaint? O keep the customers happy so you will get customer loyalty so you don't get a bad image/reputation of you or the organization To prevent it from happening again so I OFF quality of service they give how good their products are minimum standard of quality procedures they follow Equally With respect Fairly Friendly Welcomed well With a helpful manner NIce Politely Regardless of the customer type all customers have different needs. A hen party traveling to London for the weekend. Transfers Accommodation Group accommodation rah receptionInformation on local nightlife Different types of customers Mobility Pre-boarding Disable Access Guides Wider corridors Handrails Ramps Treated with respect and equally Special seating Bigger facilities Information about excursions suitable for their needs Special cabins/accommodation specifi cally for the disabled Lifts Visually impaired Braille White stick Career Guide dogs Assistance Be sensitive Hearing impaired Hearing aid Hearing loop Lip reader Sign language translator Speak loud and clearly Signs Devices to help them in case of an emergency el calling people, phone ringing, fire alarm going off Cultures/Countries Health documents Leaflets in their language Maps in their language Treat them equally and with respect Helpful staff Injection Visas/Passports Currency exchange Insurance Translator Elderly/Confused Treated with respect Show empathy Speak slowly and clearly Make sure they understand the information they were confused about Communication methods best suited to the customers needs. Hearing – Written, Face to face (For lip readers) Visual – Telephone, Verbally Elderly – Face to face, verbally Different language – Written – diagrams

No Dress Code Policy at De La Salle Essay Example

No Dress Code Policy at De La Salle Essay Example No Dress Code Policy at De La Salle Paper No Dress Code Policy at De La Salle Paper We then thought of a topic that would benefit the Benildeans. The purpose of the proposal is to speak in behalf of all SDA students regarding our complaint about the dress code policy of the college. To come up with such topic is not an easy task for it is Just normal for a college or any institution to have a dress code policy. However, we pushed through with it because we want to open the eyes of those in authority to the fact that De La Salle College of Saint Benilde is an art school. The group came up with such topic because they believe that Benilde is a place for artists. It is in that place that they should be given the chance to act freely and that includes wearing whatever they want to. The college should be the first to understand the students way of expressing themselves even if it means supporting their not-so-normal fashion sense. To be able to defend the topic properly, the group made a research about anything that could help them expound the topic. They focused more on fashion since the topic is closest to it. They also enumerated the attires that the college considers inappropriate and stated their main thoughts about the reasons of students for wanting to wear whats prohibited. In addition, the group also stated the reasons why a certain school has to have a ress code policy and why Benilde should not be included in the list. The group based their conclusion on what stood out among all the information that they gathered. The De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde (DLS-CSB) School of Design and Arts(SDA) is a 14-storey academic complex,located at 950 Pablo Ocampo Street (formerly Vito Cruz), and about 350 meters away from the Taft Campus. It was envisioned as a home for a new generation of Filipino artists and designers who are equipped with technical expertise and global competenciesIt is, by far, one of the most ambitious rojects of De La Salle Philippines. [pic] Just like what is stated above, SDA campus is home of the artists. Degree programs of the college include Production Design, Filmmaking, Animation, Multimedia Arts, Arts Management, Music Production, Dance, Photography, Architecture, Industrial Design, Interior Design, and lastly, the course that is related to the project proposal, Fashion Design and Merchandising. Since the college offers the most non-traditional courses in the Philippines, it is basically normal for it to also be unique when it comes to the policies. It is supposed to let the students express ho they really are especially when they are inside the campus. One way of proving that the college really wants to support the Benildeans in their extraordinary talents is by allowing them to wear what they want. Most unfortunately, the college has this so-called dress code policy. Section 1. 3. 3 of CSBs Student Handbook says that students are to dress in modest, decent, good taste. Any attire which tends to scandalize or offend others in the academic community, such as, but not limited to backless, midriff, tubetops and see-through attires are prohibited. Yes, CSB only wants whats best for its students but it also has to realize that Benildeans have a small possibility of offending one another in terms of clothes since they share the same passion. Here are some of what the college considers inappropriate: See-Through Fabric tops where undergarments can be seen Plunging Neckline necklines exceeding 4 inches below the collarbone Racerback Mini Skirts and Short Shorts It is given that the pictures posted here are really revealing. However, it is also important to note that the people who are fond of wearing those attires have a reason for it. Its not like that they wear those clothes for the sake of getting attention. Some people like wearing racerback tops because they are into sports. Maybe they feel even more close to sports whenever they are in that attire. Others may also Just want a sporty image. There are also people who like wearing mini skirts and short shorts. The reason for this is simple those are what make them feel comfortable about themselves. Nowadays, people are not into wearing pants anymore because they find it hard to move around. See-through fabrics are also loved by some. It can be because of the style or the uniqueness they bring. According to the research, young people nowadays wear shorts with no malice and yet the old people find malice in these so-called shorts. The group really thinks that people live in a modern generation already. The past and the present are two different things. If people will continue living in the past, how will the world move forward? Benilde should stop implementing the dress code policy because it is also the main reason why everything about it is an art. And art also means expressing ones self through the clothes a person wears. The picture above popped out of the screen while the group was doing a research bout fashion. Obviously, the three ladies in that poster are wearing something that is strictly prohibited in the college. How will the students give Justice to their project Fashion Design and Merchandising? It is really amazing how Fashion Design students can survive despite of the dress code. If they can attain success even with the dress code policy interrupting their way, how much more if it is not implemented? If they can completely express themselves or show off their talents without thinking of being sent to the Office of Student and Behavior? Benildeans keep on complaining about he dress code because they know very well that they have the right to fght for what they think is right. They chose Benilde because they think that the college is going to support them all the way, that it is not like other universities that know nothing but academics, that the college is aware that its students have a unique taste in everything, and a lot more. The group made a research about the importance of dress code policy. Here are some of the gathered information: Establishing a dress code will benefit greatly by enabling unity. There are other ways to express yourself. Definitely a dress code is part of being educated. Dress code can help reduce the potential for conflict. Being made fun of is not cool. Ready for the workforce. Dress code enforces motivation and discipline. Schools should enforce dress codes because some clothing can be distracting and offensive to other students. Better looking environment. Dress code helps us not look trashy. It removes a lot of problems. Modest attire is a plus. School is a place to get good education. It is better to be yourself after school. Rules are set to be followed and are set for a reason. ery different from other schools. It is an art school which makes the students even more unique. One of the things stated above is that dress code helps us not look trashy. If Benildeans were to be asked about that statement, they would all say the same thing and that is trashy look is fashion. It is also included in the list that being made fun of is not cool. Benildeans surely dont make fun of one another. As Benildeans, the group is confident to say that there is a sense of respect in the college. There are lots of wardrobes in the college and instead of Judging the fashionistas, they are being looked up to because of their courage to stand out. They are not afraid to be labeled as weird because they know that the community understands where they are coming from. If the person reading this certainly does not have an artistic side, this will really be hard to understand. But if those in authority will Just try to open their minds, this will all make sense. The group found an online article written by Luke Larson that explains exactly why schools should not have a dress code policy. If you were a student attending a school with a dress code where everyone wore the ame stuff, how would you feel? Youd probably Just feel like another average boring kid who doesnt stick out at all and might not even get noticed or acknowledged by other students and even teachers. Schools shouldnt have a dress code such as khaki pants and a polo shirt. If there is a dress code, kids wont be able to express their creativity in the clothes they wear. For example, a kid at my school whos name is Max Bush is very creative in the clothes he wears. Sometimes its a purple dress shirt with athletic shorts or nurses pants and a t-shirt. If there was a dress code, he wouldnt be ble to be creative anymore. Without the ability to be creative in the clothes kids wear, theyll Just feel like another face in the crowd. You wouldnt stick out at all and some people may not be able to recognize you from some angles. The author got everything right. Although he is referring to kids, same goes through the teens or the adults for that matter. When there is a dress code policy, students tend to shy away from who they really are. They are not given the chance to have their own identity since they are being ruled by the school. They unintentionally become like the rest. And because De La Salle College of Saint Benilde is an art school, an expression of ones self is very necessary. Benildeans are not supposed to be equally the same because the artistic sides within them are different. The photo caught the groups attention because it seems like whoever made it wants the college to realize that its a school of fashion. And everyone knows that fashion is something not all people appreciate because of its uniqueness. A person really into fashion is capable of doing crazy things Just to show his or her love for it. He/she can even have the courage to show off some skin. Those who have a deep just to give Justice to the fashionistas and fashionistos most famous line: Fashion is passion. The group even encountered a Facebook page entitled AB-FDM: Fashion is my passion, obsession, and possession. For a person to say that, its like telling that fashion is his/her life and that he/she will die without it. The facebook page is Just a proof of how some people give importance to it. Since Benilde decided to offer such program(s), its the schools responsibility to extend its patience to the students who are very unmindful of the dress code.

Definition of the Disengagement Theory of Aging

Definition of the Disengagement Theory of Aging Disengagement theory outlines a process of disengagement from social life that people experience as they age and become elderly. The theory states that, over time, elderly people withdraw, or disengage from, the social roles and relationships that were central to their life in adulthood. As a functionalist theory, this framework casts the process of disengagement as necessary and beneficial to society, as it allows the social system to remain stable and ordered. Overview of Disengagement in Sociology Disengagement theory was created by social scientists  Elaine Cumming and William Earle Henry, and presented in the book  Growing Old, published in 1961. It is notable for being the first social science theory of aging, and in part, because it was controversially received, sparked further development of social science research, and theories about the elderly, their social relationships, and their roles in society. This theory presents a social systemic discussion of the aging process and the evolution of the social lives of elderly  and was inspired by functionalist theory. In fact, famed sociologist Talcott Parsons, who is regarded as a leading functionalist, wrote the foreword to the Cummings and Henrys book. With the theory, Cummings and Henry situate aging within the social system and offer a set of steps that outline how the process of disengagement occurs as one ages  and why this is important and beneficial to the social system as a whole. They based their theory on  data from the Kansas City Study of Adult Life, a  longitudinal study that tracked several hundred adults from middle to old age,  conducted by researchers at the University of Chicago. Postulates of the Theory of Disengagement Based on this data Cummings and Henry created the following nine postulates that comprise the theory of disengagement. People lose social ties to those around them because they expect death, and their abilities to engage with others deteriorate over time.As a person begins to disengage, they are increasingly freed from social norms which guide interaction. Losing touch with norms reinforces and fuels the process of disengagement.The disengagement process for men and women differs due to their different social roles.The process of disengaging is spurred by an individuals desire to not have their reputation damaged by losing skills and abilities while they are still fully engaged in their social roles. Simultaneously younger adults are trained to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to take over the roles played by those who disengage.Complete disengagement happens when both the individual and society are ready for this to occur. A disjunction between the two will occur when one is ready but not the other.People who have disengaged adopt new social roles so as not to suffer a crisis of identity o r become demoralized. A person is ready to disengage when they are aware of the short time remaining in their life and they no longer wish to fulfill their current social roles; and society allows for disengagement in order to provide jobs for those coming of age, to satisfy the social needs of a nuclear family, and because people die.Once disengaged, remaining relationships shift, rewards of them may change, and hierarchies may also shift.Disengagement occurs across all cultures but is shaped by the culture in which it occurs. Based on these postulates, Cummings and Henry suggested that the elderly are happiest when they accept and willingly go along with the process of disengagement. Critiques of the Theory of Disengagement The theory of disengagement caused controversy as soon as it was published. Some critics pointed out that this was a flawed social science theory because Cummings and Henry assume that the process is natural, innate, and inevitable, as well as universal. Evoking a fundamental conflict within sociology between functionalist and other theoretical perspectives, some pointed out that the theory completely  ignores the role of class in shaping the experience of aging, while others critiqued the assumption that the elderly have seemingly no agency in this process, but rather are compliant tools of the social system. Further, based on subsequent research, others asserted that the  theory of disengagement fails to capture the complex and rich social lives of the elderly, and the many forms of engagement that follow retirement (see The Social Connectedness of Older Adults: A National Profile by Cornwall et al., published in  American Sociological Review  in 2008). Noted contemporary sociologist Arlie Hochschild also published critiques of this theory. From her view, the theory is flawed because it has  an escape clause, wherein those who do not disengage are considered troubled outliers. She also critiqued Cummings and Henry for failing to provide evidence that disengagement is willingly done. While Cummings stuck to her theoretical position, Henry subsequently disavowed it in later publications and aligned himself with alternative theories that followed, including  activity theory and continuity theory. Recommended Reading Growing Old, by Cumming and Henry, 1961.Lives Through the Years: Styles of Life and Successful Aging, by Wiliams and Wirths, 1965.Disengagement Theory: A Critical Evaluation, by George L. Maddox, Jr.,  The Gerontologist,  1964.Disengagement Theory: A Critique and Proposal, by Arlie Hochschild,  American Sociological Review  40, no. 5 (1975): 553–569.Disengagement Theory: A Logical, Empirical, and Phenomenological Critique, by Arlie Hochshchild, in  Time, Roles, and Self in Old Age, 1976.Revisiting the Kansas City study of adult life: roots of the disengagement model in social gerontology, by J. Hendricks,  Getontologist, 1994. ​​Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Management Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management Class - Essay Example ation that comes from ‘drug reps’ who does not have much scientific knowledge about the impact of drugs on patients’ lives because these people are only after the sales commissions, expensive gifts, awards, and bonuses they’ll receive from the company out of selling these drugs. It is advisable to limit this type of interconnection between the doctors and medical student(s) and the drug producer(s) in order to avoid ‘under the table’ or ‘red tape’ transactions and ‘lobbying’ between the two parties. A close personal relationship between the doctors / medical students and the pharmaceutical companies could result to converting these doctors as ‘pharmaceutical sales representatives.’ Thus, endangering the lives of the patients. Controlling the importation of drug ingredients such as the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine from the nine major producers worldwide including Mexico is necessary in order to control the spread of ‘meth epidemics’ throughout the California, Oregon and other part of the United States.2 By regulating the importation of these ingredients, the meth cooks will have a hard time searching for the main ingredients to produce crystal meth. Another strategy is to regulate the selling of legal drugs like cold medicines that contain these ingredients throughout the United States. Having a strict control over the selling of these products, particularly by limiting the number of cold medicines consumers could buy as well as having the consumer register upon each purchase, could prevent the meth cooks from converting these legal drugs into crystal meth. The two main strategies that the U.S. federal government implemented contributed to the success of controlling the meth epidemics over several areas in the United States. By implementing a strict control over the main sources of the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, the government is able to prevent the meth makers from producing enormous amount of meth within the

Avon Calls on Foreign Markets Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Avon Calls on Foreign Markets - Case Study Example 62). Avon’s marketing orientations For the US market, Avon has resorted to door to door selling via saleswomen who have been marketing the products via the word of mouth and establishing personal contacts with the customers and tapping a huge customer base. Globally Avon had resorted to country specific marketing, such as naming some of its products in the local language, when taking over a local company with a goodwill Avon kept certain names unchanged. For Asian regions, as customers tend to but products which are foreign, Avon kept their foreign names and prints instructions in the local language. It has also gone forward with the Hello Tomorrow campaign to signify a brand which is looking towards the future and also associated with breast cancer awareness (Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan, 2010, pp 622-624). Avon’s foreign operations The predicted growth for the company in the U.S. was low, since it had no new place to spread within the country to create a market for co smetics, toiletries and fragrances. The number of companies manufacturing these kinds of products in the US being large, Avon was facing considerable amount of competition. So Avon decided to expand its operations to other potential countries where it could register growth through increased sales. Also Avon’s lady representatives were the ones who sold Avon products, tapped customers and registered orders. This was cost saving for the company as this system required smaller number of employees and helped Avon to maintain low prices, a good image and a constant customer base. In the late 90’s, when US women started working in multinational companies fulltime, Avon found it difficult to get saleswomen. When the US market dried up, Avon found new ground in countries like Brazil and Philippines, where the women are usually do not leave their home. There was sufficient number of saleswomen available to reach out to the desolate areas to sell Avon products. (Daniels, Radebau gh, Sullivan, 2010, pp 621,622) Socioeconomic and demographic changes affecting Avon Socioeconomic changes involve the way society views a product. Demographic changes include aging customers. Both of these may affect the demand. From the socioeconomic point of view, a new type of conditioner may become important, whereas aging customers may want different age specific products according to their wants and needs. Accordingly Avon will have to come out with variants of the products and introduce new ones where necessary to maintain their customer base (Klepacki, 2005, pp 55, 56). Recession, a boom for Avon Every company and industry is affected by a recession as so many international aspects are related. The fields where Avon may feel the pinch are sales, suppliers and employees. Surprisingly when the recession hit in 2008 and the world felt the crisis deepening, the company recruited many saleswomen and men for their sales jobs. This happened because the recession led to massive lay offs, which in turn meant that more people were now available to do Avon’s door-to-door selling. Avon also took in male representatives, so as to allow men to be secure with a job, although it was traditionally reserved only for women (Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan, 2010, pp 622; Pauline, 2009). Avon’s Competitive Advantage Avon has a major competitive advantage over its competitors. It has an unparallel reputation in the beauty products market. Its main competition area had been the direct sales area,

Company Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Company Law - Coursework Example Sale of DVD players can be impacted due to recycling old DVD players and hence investing in both the companies results in conflicts of interest. According to section 175, it is the duty of a director to avoid a situation in which his direct or indirect interest conflicts with the interest of the company in which he is already a director. It is not an infringement if the situation is not likely to give rise to conflict of interest or if the investment is already authorised by the board. In the new Act, shareholders’ approval of the conflict of interest is required either by resolution or by Articles. 2,3. In Boardman v Phipps4. the defendant had acquired special knowledge by virtue of being his solicitor and abused it for his personal benefit along with another. Held that as a fiduciary, he should have avoided conflict of interest. In Peso Silver Mines Ltd. v. Cropper,5 a leading Canadian case law involved conflict of interest arising out of fiduciary duty, the defendant took a dvantage of a rejected business opportunity by the plaintiff and utilised it for his personal benefit along with others. ... he resigned from the plaintiff company and secured the contract meant for plaintiff company in the name of his newly formed company.8 Another relevant case is Bhullar v Bhullar 9 wherein the principle of directors avoiding conflict of interest has been upheld. It was held that failure to pass information to the company about a business opportunity and utilising it for personal benefit amounted to breach of duty against conflict of interest. This put to rest the decision in London and Mashonaland Exploration Co v New Mashonaland Exploration Co10 that â€Å"directors did not have a duty not to place themselves in a position of conflict†11. In Plus Group Ltd v Pyke12, it was held that it was not a breach of fiduciary duty to work for a competing company as he had been effectively excluded from the company of which he continued to be a director. 13 A codification of common law, section 175 can apply to multiple directorships apart from exploitation of property, information or busi ness opportunity a director is able to access by virtue of his position. The director’s duty to inform conflict of interest cases even if the company or the directors are not interested in them. This statutory duty is not breached if already authorized by the company in the prescribed manner. Originally shareholder could only authorize such a conflict of interest. Now under the statute, in the case of a private limited company, it can be authorized by other directors who have no conflict of interest in the particular matter, provided the company’s articles also permit. In the case of a public limited company the non-conflicted directors can authorise provided the articles specifically permit it. If all the directors are conflicted, then shareholders’ approval will be required. This duty came

History of Blackpool - growth and decline Essay Example for Free

History of Blackpool growth and decline Essay For the majority of the 19th century Blackpool was a small fishing village, which received small numbers of upper class visitors who came due to the supposed healing capabilities of the coast, and its fresh air. This changed in 1846 with the creation of a railway line going up to Blackpool, which made travel to the area cheap and affordable for the public. The majority of those who decided to visit Blackpool were factory workers and their families who came from cities like Liverpool and Manchester. Due to air travel being very expensive at the time and only the rich could afford to go abroad. Blackpool became the destination to go to for the working class during their holidays. Blackpool recognised their popularity and over the years constructed three new piers to house new attractions. Three new piers were constructed, named the North, Central and South Piers and were constructed in 1863, 1868 and 1893 respectively. The Winter Gardens, which was effectively an indoor mall, was set up in 1878 and housed an opera house and a theatre. The Blackpool Illuminations, which were put up a year later, and the Blackpool Tower, built in 1894, which housed a Ballroom, Circus Hall and an Aquarium, accompanied this. Due to all these attractions Blackpool became a major tourist destination. In 1930 7 million tourists came to the area and this number increased to 17 million in 1950. Blackpool’s Decline Blackpool began to enter its decline period during the mid 20th century onwards. During this time the disposable income and free time of workers started to increase. This combined with cheaper air flight tickets and package holidays meant that people could go abroad for the first time in their lives. France and Spain were the most popular destinations and over the years started to gain more and more tourists. This took away from the number of people visiting Blackpool. As an attempt to claw back tourists hotels and restaurants in the area started to dramatically decrease their prices with the aim of attracting more tourists. This ended up having the opposite effect. While more tourists did come to the area, they were more downmarket than what Blackpool used to receive. The new crowds attracted by Blackpool were seen as antisocial and unpleasant and removed the family friendly nature associated with Blackpool. The loss of families as potential tourists was a major blow to Blackpool and further added to its decline. Blackpool’s Rejuvenation Recently Blackpool has made attempts to restore its status as a popular tourist destination. Winter Gardens was bought from its private owners and brought back into the public market and a contract with Merlin was made to include the Blackpool Tower with its other hosts of amusement parks. Additionally ? 300 million was spent in improving the state of Blackpools infrastructure. While the effort is helping Blackpool it isnt increasing its status as a tourist destination. Instead of entering Rejuvenation Blackpool has entered a state of slowed decline.

Power & Authority :: essays research papers

Week 9 Essay 1 Power and Authority   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although they are very closely related, power and authority are two different concepts. Power is needed in order to establish authority, yet it is also completely distinct from authority (Week 9 Study Notes).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Power is defined in the course study notes as the â€Å"ability of individuals or groups to get what they want despite the opposition†. Power is derived from a variety of sources including knowledge, experience and environmental uncertainties (Denhardt et al, 2001). It is also important to recognize that power is specific to each situation. Individuals or groups that may be entirely powerful in one situation may find themselves with little or no power in another. The county Registrar of Voters, who is my boss, is a perfect example. In running the local elections office, she can exercise the ultimate power. However, in a situation where she attempted to get the county selected for a desirable, statewide pilot project, she was powerless, completely at the mercy of the Secretary of State. Power is difficult to measure and even to recognize, yet it plays a major role in explaining authority. In organizations, power is most likely exercised in situations where à ¢â‚¬Å"the stakes are high, resources are limited, and goals and processes are unclear† (Denhardt et al, 2001). The absence of power in organizations forces us to rely on soley hierarchical authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When power becomes legitimate, it is then recognized as authority (Denhardt et al, 2001). Power becomes authority when it is accepted and even desired by society. As stated by the course study notes, â€Å"authority refers to a situation where a person (or group) has been formally granted a leadership position†. An individual has authority when everyday norms and regulations support the exercising of power by that individual. In an organizational setting, â€Å"authority is hierarchal and vested in positions† (Week 9 Study Notes), which are defined by â€Å"organizational charts, positions and rules† (Week 9 Study Notes). Generally, power in authority also involves the possibility of rewards such as promotions and good performance reviews.

Suitors and Courtship in the Lower Middle Class in Victorian Times Essa

Eligible Bachelors: Suitors and Courtship in the Lower Middle Class Trying for social advancement, single men and women of the lower middle and upper working classes sought to assume the Victorian middle class rituals of courtship and engagement. Accordingly, this aim joined with the poor finances key to these classes to lead to the complicated struggle of the bachelor. A Suitable Suitor To be considered an appropriate suitor to a lower middle class woman, a man of similar station must address and fulfill several conditions. The importance of class, wealth, and status surfaced in that the â€Å"main requirement for a man was that he be a good provider† (Frost 82). Before attempting an engagement, a man â€Å"had to wait to inherit land or money with which to start a farm or small business† (Frost 62). Economically strained, couples â€Å"had to save carefully before setting up a household;† thus, the engagement period greatly exceeded the courting phase by two to eight more years among the lower middle class (Frost 62). Other factors, such as age, religious beliefs, and compatible temperamen...

Mc Donald’s and the Health and Tick Approval

At the advent of problems, McDonald’s is torn between choices of actions.   Finally, it learned to adopt to change and impose innovation in its system which in turn brought positive effect on the company.   Upon the advice of the Public Relations agency, the company made necessary action to counteract against bad publicity; and the most important among the strategies is the Heart and Tick Approval.IntroductionGlobally, McDonald’s offers what people need in this period of globalization.   The American culture of fast food chain as a place for people who could not afford to prepare foods at home since both parents are working began to penetrate Asian culture.   In the same thought, McDonald’s became a place to celebrate birthdays and to engage in conversation.   Generally, fast food chains like McDonald’s is a good place to go for busy people who seek the comfort of living.   Mc Donald became part of the culture of the modern times.Mc Donald†™s after the controversial ads â€Å"the Super Size Me† of Spurlock had come up with a strategy to regain their control of the market in terms of fast food at least to create a positive image on their company as being concerned with the health of its patronage. This particular strategy which they had adopted was the Heart and Tick Program that tests the product from unhealthy ingredients that may harm the product and the consumers as well.   The program uses the symbol heart which means that the food is heart-friendly.For some, this symbol on the label of every product of McDonald’s is a kind of exploitation because they use it as their promotional strategy.   The heart of the Foundation itself gives a subconscious message that stirs the mind of the consumers trying to deceive them by telling that McDonald’s product are good when they are not.Though in previous years, McDonald’s had been perennially successful, yet due to the decline of its shares a nd sales in 1998, had devised a strategic plan that brought change to the company’s perspective in response to the controversy.   This leads for the introduction of the Health choices and the tick approvals known as the Heart Foundation.The changes that have been taken by the company are the result of the many controversies that challenged the popularity and sincerity of McDonald in its ethical obligation to environment and to its consumers.   This is because the company is resistant to any forces that may alter change.Generic Change Tools or Solutions AppliedThe â€Å"Super Size Me† ads brought a big controversy on McDonald’s everywhere in the world and the media identified it or linked it to ‘obesity.’   Therefore, the company had finally decided to impose innovation to counter bad public publicity of the McDonald’s and adopted changes in their menu offerings.   In a forum organized by Liberal Senator Guy Barnett, Mr. Peter Bush, th e CEO of McDonald’s Australia, explained that their company takes on a new food offerings that will absolutely health-friendly (Burton, p. 30).   The writer further emphasized that McDonald’s added a new range of salads to their meal, with the cutting of sugar content in the buns and less calorie count from all the foods.   It has also lessened its advertising by sixty percent every hour.The particular solution to this controversy is giving in to the public demand which is related to obesity that is associated with other illness common to people nowadays such as high blood pressure and heart failure. The company itself adopted the principles of the Tick Program of the Heart Foundation.   In Australia, The Heart Foundation Tick is the solution to the growing obesity rates among children and adults.   Healthy choices of food became the consumers’ demand in many industrialized countries like Australia.   In a latest survey, 93% of Australians food had the greater role in producing overweight children and adults (Heart Foundation).Modified or abandoned to suit organizational requirements.Robert Dransfield explained in his paper that the strategic planning that McDonald’s had undertaken is a response to all the challenges that the company is facing including its competitors in the burger business (p. 460).   This is very important because competitive advantage is created by combining strengths which means Mc Donald can exploit competencies and advantage at different points in the value chain to add more value in different ways.   In other words, the value of the product which McDonald’s produces such as hamburger, drinks, fries and other food products, is the perceived benefit that customer would be kept coming back. It also means that value comes from product differentiation, product cost, and the ability of McDonald’s to meet clients’ demands.The writer also noted that strategic planning is very criti cal because it shapes the future of the organization as it must meet the customers’ demands and needs.   Dransfield emphasized that McDonald developed competitive strategies that differentiate it from its rivals (p. 461), in which it recognizes the need to respond to the greater demand to increase competitive gap by: â€Å"adding greater value through innovation, making the process of visiting a McDonald’s less routine and controlled, and enhancing the overall in-house experience† (p.461).In particular, McDonald’s provides appropriate solutions such as â€Å"(a) providing a more balanced offering that includes fruits, sugar-free fruit drinks for children and more chicken products, and (b) by creating an Extra-Value Meal and a McChoice menu offering that provides excellent value for money† because price is critical to decision making (p. 461).McDonald’s has to strategically cut the prices of their product as a respond also to the â€Å"bur gers wars† with the Burger King’s attack.   Thus, McDonald’s â€Å"sought worldwide leadership on the global fast food market through low cost production of a standardized menu† (Grant, p. 1117).   Robert Morris Grant explained that McDonald’s strategy is founded on a central belief that is to be willing to cut price in order to boost volume growth.Another strategy which McDonald’s undertook was using the persona of Ronald McDonald that looked lovable and laughable to children.   This figure as a part of Public Relations strategy of McDonald’s conveys a marketing motivation.   According to Bob Burton, the clown suit means: â€Å"Ronald loves McDonald’s and McDonald’s food† (Burton, p. 34).This quotation indicates â€Å"that you should do everything you can to appeal to children’s love Ronald and McDonald’s† (p. 34).   The clown is also used in charitable activities of the company; it is seen in many hospitals across Australia and other charitable places.   Burton emphasized that in one of McDonald’s document, the overall objective of the company is not simply to give something back to the community but also to help differentiate McDonald’s from its competitors (p. 34).Alternative Strategies and Change ToolsThere are plenty of strategies that McDonald’s company had take into consideration and its tools are Public Relation and mass media.   The strategies such as the price reduction, affiliation to Heart Foundation, and using the clown Ronald McDonald became effective in bringing back the positive image of the company.   There are other strategies that were employed but these three are very important factors in the process.Its Public Relations group – the Golin/ Harris Communications -played an important in the overall task. They figured different strategies and brought McDonald’s closer to its consumers once again.   Thi s event in the life of McDonald’s is the turning point for it to become once again a giant in business and at the same time responsible enough in its obligation to public.   The mass media made things possible for McDonald’s for bringing all promotional activities to the public in a split of a second.ConclusionChange or innovation is very important in a company in order to adapt to the demand of the customers.   Change may be planned or unplanned, but any problem would beget another problem if not attended to.   This is the case of McDonald’s has learned its lesson; it should not remain confident in many challenges but be ready always for the challenges.   Organization such as this must adopt new strategies and employ change from time to time.   Innovation and creativity are the words that can help the company moving and growing.Work CitedBurton, Bob 2007. Inside Spin: The Dark Underbelly of the PR Industry. Australia: Allen and UnwinDransfield, Robert 2004. Business for Foundation Degrees and Higher Awards. Heinemann Educational PublishersGrant, Robert Morris 1998.   Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Blackwell Publishing.National Heart Foundation of Australia 2006http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/document/NHF/Tick_Brochure_FINAL_2006-11-02.pdf

Social Psychology Concepts

Social Psychology Concepts Introduction In social psychology, scholars aim at analysing social situations as per the prevailing socio-cultural environments and influences. Everything which is said and done by people is deemed to have a meaning which may have either a literal or a qualitative interpretation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Psychology Concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that a single discourse like masculinity or femininity may be surrounded by several socio-cultural explanations or interpretations which may vary from one culture to the other. In social psychology, the concepts of interpretative repertoire, subject position and ideological dilemma are used concurrently in sense making of a particular discourse. The concepts are more or less interrelated in that they may be applicable in a single discourse or account of a person about an event, or a reaction or a person(s) to a certain internal or external stimulus. Discussion The concept of interpretative repertoire is used by social psychologists to refer to the coherent ways of explaining or talking about people, events and or practices in the real world. According to Margret, Stephanie and Simon, in the article titled â€Å"discourse analysis†, they describe interpretative repertoire as the â€Å"the building blocks of conversation’ (Wetherell, Taylor, Yates, 2001.p.198). Accordingly, interpretative repertoires may therefore be viewed as linguistic materials or resources which people refer to or utilize in their day to day social exchange and or interactions (Wetherell, et al, 2001.p.198). They also represent communities’ understanding and presentation of common sense which characterize the communities’ social understanding about a particular discourse (Wetherell, et al, 2001.p.198). For example, people of a certain community may use distinctive words, phrases or metaphors while describing a certain discourse like masculinity. The words and phrases may be different, but once analysed; they may give a common understanding, perception or reaction to the discourse of masculinity in that particular social setting (Wetherell, et al, 2001.p.198). The concept of ideological dilemma, also known as lived ideologies is used to refer to values, beliefs and practices of a particular culture in a society of people. According to Wetherell, Taylor, Yates, the concept may simply be used to refer to the culturally entrenched conceptualizations of common sense and wisdom.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many of the ideological dilemmas are in form of the contradicting views about a particular discourse as may be contextualized in patterns of speech. For example in some cultures, people may say that â€Å"out of sight is out of mind† as well as â€Å"absence makes the heart beco me fonder†. These sayings may be found in a single community and may present an ideological dilemma to the members of that community as to which saying should guide them in their social interaction (Wetherell, et al, 2001.p.203). In a discourse like masculinity, men in a certain cultural setting may express their wish to be masculine, but also wish to be caring, polite and nurturing as parents. The dilemma arises from the fact that the attribute of being nurturing may be associated with women and if men are to be masculine, there is no way they should possess such a feminine attribute. Lastly, the concept of subject position refers to the locations or identities used in a conversation. In every conversation, people use different interpretative repertoires to bring forth different identities or portray a cetin identity of themselves and not another. In a discourse of masculinity for example, men may use different interpretative repertoire to portray themselves as either support ive of masculinity characters or not (Wetherell, et al, 2001.p.210). Those who like being associated with masculinity may describe themselves as being tough and aggressive while those who do not like being associated with masculinity may despise their counterparts as lacking some important elements of parenthood or fatherhood for that matter. These are two different subject positions about the single discourse of masculinity. The importance of identifying these concepts in a discourse is to enable us get as many interpretations of a discourse as possible so that we may be able to accurately attribute human actions to the correct explanations, otherwise we may be biased in making attributions in our day to day social interactions. Reference Wetherell, M., Taylor, S., Yates, S.J. (2001).Discourse as Data: A Guide of Analysis. London: Sage Publications.pp.193-210.